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- $Unique_ID{BRK03825}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Histiocytosis-X}
- $Subject{Histiocytosis-X Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) Letterer-Siwe
- Disease Abt-Letterer-Siwe Disease Acute Disseminated Histiocytosis-X
- Hand-Schueller-Christian Syndrome Hashimoto-Pritzker Syndrome Langerhans-Cell
- Granulomatosis Eosinophilic Granuloma Non-Lipid Reticuloendotheliosis Pure
- Cutaneous Histiocytosis Self-Healing Histiocytosis Systemic Aleukemic
- Reticuloendotheliosis Type II Histiocytosis Schueller-Christian Disease
- Multifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
- Infection-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 408:
- Histiocytosis-X
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Histiocytosis-X) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)
- Letterer-Siwe Disease
- Abt-Letterer-Siwe Disease
- Acute Disseminated Histiocytosis-X
- Hand-Schueller-Christian Syndrome
- Hashimoto-Pritzker Syndrome
- Langerhans-Cell Granulomatosis
- Eosinophilic Granuloma
- Non-Lipid Reticuloendotheliosis
- Pure Cutaneous Histiocytosis
- Self-Healing Histiocytosis
- Systemic Aleukemic Reticuloendotheliosis
- Type II Histiocytosis
- Schueller-Christian Disease
- Multifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
- Infection-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Histiocytosis-X is a term formerly given to three blood disorders that
- share basic characteristics and a common origin. As a result of better
- understanding of this childhood illness, the term Langerhans Cell
- Histiocytosis (LCH) is now often applied. This group of disorders develop
- similarly although symptoms vary widely between cases. The most common
- feature is the abnormal accumulation of a specific type of tissue cell
- (histiocytes) in various organs. The type of damage caused by accumulations
- depends on the size and location of the "growth". Bones, skin, the liver,
- spleen, lungs and brain are most commonly affected. The growths are not
- cancerous despite the aggressive clinical course and therapies resembling
- those used for cancer patients. Most cases are sporadic (non-familial).
- Although more than one case has appeared in the same family, no clear
- inheritance pattern has been identified.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) depends on the
- organs affected. Pain (at sites of bone involvement), draining ears, skin
- rash, or excessive thirst and urination (hypothalamus/pituitary) can occur.
- This disorder may be limited, short term with spontaneous healing, and not
- recur. Other cases may be widespread with new lesions possibly developing
- for years. In these acute cases, patients often have blood count
- abnormalities because of destruction of the normal blood cells by an enlarged
- spleen and invasion of the bone marrow where the normal cells are produced.
- This frequently causes excessive bleeding from deficiency of platelets (blood
- clotting cells), anemia from loss of red blood cells, and infection from
- deficiency of white blood cells.
-
- Breathing difficulty may be caused by histiocytic infiltration or a
- secondary lung infection. Skin lesions may include small sacs containing
- pus, small solid reddish elevations on the skin surface, knots visible under
- the skin, scaly/greasy rashes, ulceration, purplish red spots or bleeding
- under the skin.
-
- When the hypothalamic/pituitary area of the brain is involved, diabetes
- insipidus (excessive thirst and urination) may occur. (For more information
- on this disorder, choose "Diabetes Insipidus" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database). Damage to other parts of the pituitary may cause growth
- failure, thyroid deficiency or abnormalities in sexual hormones. Some
- patients with chronic disease may develop symptoms from healing/scarring that
- are difficult to distinguish from active histiocytic growth, especially in
- the liver and lungs. Swelling of the gums, premature eruption of the teeth
- and tooth loss occurs in some cases. Protrusion of the eyeballs may develop,
- possibly leading to loss of clear vision.
-
- In rare cases with no active disease apparent for years, difficulty with
- walking and body control may develop due to neurological abnormalities.
- Since cases may have a wide range of involvement, a physician should clarify
- the possibilities for each patient individually.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause(s) of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) are not
- known. The Langerhans cell is a normal cell that responds to a variety of
- immune system stimuli. Possible causes also include infections or immune
- system abnormalities, but these theories have not been proven. Symptoms are
- caused by excessive growth and spread of tissue cells called histiocytes, but
- researchers do not know what triggers this abnormal process.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) symptoms can begin at any age
- although it is more common in children than adults. The most severe cases
- seem to occur in affected children under two years of age. (For more
- information on other types of Histiocytosis, use "Histiocytosis" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Histiocytosis-
- X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis). Comparisons may be useful for a
- differential diagnosis:
-
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, also known as Hemophagocytic
- Reticulosis, is usually an inherited disorder beginning during infancy. It
- is marked by fever, blood cell deficiencies, enlarged liver and spleen, signs
- of liver damage, an inborn tendency to bleeding easily, and neurological
- manifestations.
-
- Infection-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome is not inherited but has
- symptoms closely resembling those of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
- Central nervous system and liver lesions occur in both of these systemic
- disorders, which are only distinguished by association with infectious agents
- or family history.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of some forms of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis)
- may require no treatment after the diagnosis has been confirmed. Localized
- lesions may be treated with injections of steroids or radiotherapy depending
- on their location, presence of severe pain or possibility of diminished
- function. A form of chemotherapy is commonly used to treat both aggressive
- and chronic widespread forms of this disorder. Adults with symptoms limited
- to the lungs may be treated with long-term steroid and/or radiotherapy.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Research involving Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) is being
- conducted in the United States. Cooperative treatment groups in
- Germany/Austria and Italy have also studied various treatment procedures.
- The use of immune system modulators and bone marrow transplantations are
- currently being investigated as a possible treatment for this disorder. More
- research is necessary before these therapies can be recommended.
-
- Researchers are investigating experimental treatments for Histiocytosis
- patients at the following center at Yale University: The Histioytosis
- Center, Yale University, Dept. of Pediatrics, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT,
- 06510.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Histiocytosis-X, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Histiocytosis-X Association
- 609 New York Road
- Glassboro, NJ 08028
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- Dr. Diane Komp
- Yale University School of Medicine
- Dept. of Pediatrics
- P.O. Box 333
- New Haven, CT 06510
-
- Dr. Blaise E. Favara
- Dept. of Pediatrics
- Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children
- P.O. Box 3070
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 3G9
- Canada
-
- References
-
- POINT OF VIEW: HISTIOCYTOSIS SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: B. Favara, et al.;
- Lancet (January 24, 1987). Pp. 208-209.
-
- EDITORIALS: LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS: Diane Komp; New England
- Journal of Medicine (Vol. 316, No. 12). Pp. 747-748.
-
-